Which process directly synthesizes ATP by using the proton motive force?

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Multiple Choice

Which process directly synthesizes ATP by using the proton motive force?

Explanation:
Chemiosmosis uses the proton motive force—the proton gradient across a membrane—to drive ATP synthesis. Protons flow back through ATP synthase, and this rotational energy powers the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. The gradient is established by the electron transport chain pumping protons across the membrane, but the actual production of ATP from ADP and Pi happens during chemiosmosis. Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle mainly provide substrates and, in some cases, substrate-level phosphorylation to make a small amount of ATP, but they do not directly convert the proton motive force into ATP.

Chemiosmosis uses the proton motive force—the proton gradient across a membrane—to drive ATP synthesis. Protons flow back through ATP synthase, and this rotational energy powers the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. The gradient is established by the electron transport chain pumping protons across the membrane, but the actual production of ATP from ADP and Pi happens during chemiosmosis. Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle mainly provide substrates and, in some cases, substrate-level phosphorylation to make a small amount of ATP, but they do not directly convert the proton motive force into ATP.

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